问中国 | 中国如何保障14亿公民的人权？

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今年初，一场突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情，打破了新年应有的祥和与热闹。

疫情暴发初期，中国政府就明确把人民群众生命安全和身体健康放在第一位，集中优势医疗资源在科学精准救治上下功夫，最大限度提高治愈率、降低病亡率。

然而，一些国家和势力却对中国在疫情期间的各项防疫措施进行攻击和指责，将人权作为政策工具，抹黑、造谣中国。

西方媒体和一些美国政客屡屡拿中国“人权”说事儿。中国为保护人权所做的努力能被世界认可吗？最重要的是，像中国这样一个拥有14亿人口、56个民族的大国，如何保障每个公民的人权？

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we see things. 

Since the disease was first reported in Wuhan, the temporary lockdown of cities in China was labelled as “extreme measures that infringe on human rights.”

But as the outbreak raged across the world, many countries took similar measures to ensure social distancing, including lockdown of cities and travel restrictions.

Back in February, Wuhan transformed many public venues into temporary hospitals to receive patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19. 

Later, many countries followed suit and built temporary hospitals to avoid the further spread of the coronavirus.

But when China first took the steps, there were reports describing these hospitals as “concentration camps.”

Can China’s endeavor on human rights protection be appreciated by the world?

And most importantly, how does China protect the human rights of its 1.4 billion people from 56 different ethnic groups? 

中国人权发展的“那些年”

自1949年以来，新中国人权事业发展大体经历了三个时期。

According to the 2019’s White Paper on Human Rights Progress in China, China's human rights development can be divided into three historical periods.

第一个时期： 1949年-1978年

1949年中华人民共和国成立，完成了中国历史上最为广泛而深刻的社会变革。

--1950年，颁布实施《中华人民共和国婚姻法》，它成为了新中国第一部法律。--1954年，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》，在制度上保障了国家一切权力属于人民，并设立专章规定了公民的基本权利和义务。

与此同时，社会、经济事业如火如荼开展：建立普惠大众的教育、医疗体系；建设独立完整的国民经济体系，推动经济发展。

First stage: 1949-1978

In 1950, China enacted the Marriage Law of the PRC. 

A radical change from existing patriarchal traditions, it stipulated that “a marriage system based on the free choice of partners, on monogamy and on equality between man and woman shall be applied.”

And the first Constitution of the People's Republic was adopted in 1954, which stated “all power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people.” 

At the same time, China started to build public education and healthcare systems, in which the government pays for most of the expenses. 

第二个时期：1978年-2012年

1978年实行改革开放，坚持以经济建设为中心，人民生存权、发展权和各项基本权利不断得到更好保障。

这段时期，中国大力发展经济，让人们的生活水平有了质的飞跃。

此外，宪法的重要性不断凸显。

1982年，第五届全国人大五次会议通过了现行宪法。

此后，全国人大五次通过宪法修正案，从基本经济制度、分配制度、保护公民私有财产、建立健全社会保障制度等方面，不断加强对人权的保护。特别是2004年3月，第十届全国人大二次会议将“尊重和保障人权”写入宪法，有力保障和推进了中国人权事业发展。

Second stage: 1978-2012

China adopted the reform and opening-up policy since 1978.

Economic development is undoubtedly the paramount priority during the period. And the Constitution also started to play an increasingly important role in people’s life.

The current PRC Constitution was enacted in 1982. It has since been amended five times, during which protection of human rights has been indispensable in various aspects.

For example, it addresses issues including income distribution, protection of citizens’ private property and improvement of the social security system.

The 2004 amendment included the article of “respecting and protecting human rights.”

第三个时期：2012年至今

2012年中共十八大召开，中国特色社会主义进入新时代：大力保障和改善民生，加强人权法治保障，切实增强人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

民法典被称为被称为“社会生活百科全书”，在国家法治过程中扮演着极为重要的角色。

新中国曾于1954年、1962年、1979年、2002年4次启动民法典制定，但由于当时历史条件所限，始终未能完成。

而在去年12月，一本厚重的《中华人民共和国民法典（草案）》首次亮相，草案共7编，依次为总则编、物权编、合同编、人格权编、婚姻家庭编、继承编、侵权责任编，以及附则，共1260条。

民法典草案已提交十三届全国人大三次会议审议。

Third stage: 2012 to now

In recent years, China has been seeking to finalize the long-expected civil code after many decades.

The draft civil code has been submitted for deliberation at this year’s annual session of the National People's Congress. 

今年两会有关中国人权保障，会有什么新进展？

人格权独立成编，可以说是民法典编纂的最大亮点之一，各方关注度一直很高。

民法典人格权编草案三审稿中增设规定：人格权是民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权等权利。

人格权编草案强调对人的尊严和人的自由要充分尊重和保护。

比如人格权编中对隐私权的规定，由于2019年以来各地警方查处了多起在酒店客房等场所安装摄像头进行偷拍的案件，一时间引发了社会的担忧和讨论，法律上对于这种行为应该如何界定？

为此，民法典人格权编草案三审稿升级了对隐私权的保护，将隐私的定义修改为“自然人不愿为他人知晓的秘密空间、秘密活动和私密信息等”，并增加规定，任何组织或者个人不得进入、窥视、拍摄他人的宾馆房间等私密空间。

China’s draft civil code consists of general provisions and six sections on property, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, and torts.

The section on personality rights has been lauded as a “major innovation.”

The personality rights section covers stipulations on a civil subject’s rights to their life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation and privacy, among others.

In a move to better protect privacy rights, for example, the draft proposed in a new clause banning any organization or individual from searching, entering, spying on and filming others’ hotel rooms or other private spaces, unless otherwise prescribed by law or with the rights holder’s consent.

正如中国人权事业发展白皮书所指出，人民幸福生活是最大的人权。而中国这一人权理念已经得到国际社会的广泛理解、认同和支持。

当然，在人权问题上，没有最好，只有更好。中国人权保障仍面临许多困难和挑战。

但中国用几十年时间走完了发达国家几百年走过的发展历程，在960多万平方公里土地上，14亿人民过着安宁、自由、幸福的生活，这就是最好的答案。

It’s true that China still faces many difficulties and challenges in terms of human rights protection in the future.

But China is also the creator of an economic miracle over the past few decades as well as offering its 1.4 billion people a secure, free and happy life. 

In China’s book, “a happy life for all” is the best human rights practice.

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